Parkervision WR1500 User Manual download pdf (Page 84)

WR1500 4-Port Wireless DSL/Cable Router

11.4.2 Types of DoS Attacks - Continued

Under normal circumstances, the application that initiates a

session sends a SYN (synchronize) packet to the receiving

server. The receiver sends back an ACK (acknowledgment)

packet and its own SYN, and then the initiator responds

with an ACK (acknowledgment). After this handshake, a

connection is established.

2. a) A SYN Attack ﬂ oods a targeted system with a series

of SYN packets. Each packet causes the targeted system

to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the targeted system

waits for the ACK that follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up

all outstanding SYN-ACK responses on what is known as

a backlog queue. SYN-ACKs are moved off the queue only

when an ACK comes back or when an internal timer (which

is set at relatively long intervals) terminates the three-way

handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all

incoming SYN requests, making the system unavailable for

legitimate users.

2. b) In a LAND Attack, hackers ﬂ ood SYN packets into the

network with a spoofed source IP address of the targeted

system. This makes it appear as if the host computer sent

the packets to itself, making the system unavailable while the

target system tries to respond to itself.

3. A brute-force attack, such as a “Smurf’ attack, targets

a feature in the IP speciﬁ cation known as directed or subnet

broadcasting, to quickly ﬂ ood the target network with useless

data. A Smurf hacker ﬂ oods a router with Internet Control

Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packets (pings).

Since the destination IP address of each packet is the

broadcast address of the network, the router will broadcast

the ICMP echo request packet to all hosts on the network.

If there are numerous hosts, this will create a large

amount of ICMP echo request and response trafﬁ c. If a hacker chooses to spoof the source IP

address of the ICMP echo request packet, the resulting ICMP trafﬁ c will not only clog up the

“intermediary” network, but will also congest the network of the spoofed source IP address,

known as the “victim” network.

This ﬂ ood of broadcast trafﬁ c consumes all available bandwidth, making communications

impossible.

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Parkervision WR1500 User Manual Page 84